Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-89).

1. History and classical concepts (the pre-genetic era) -- 1.1 The first case and early history -- 1.2 What are Rosenthal fibers? -- 1.3 What are astrocytes? -- 1.4 Clinical spectrum of Alexander disease circa 2001 -- 1.5 MRI criteria for diagnosis --1.6 Population characteristics --

2. Genetics of Alexander disease -- 2.1 Initial discovery of GFAP and its impact in neuroscience and neuropathology -- 2.2 Link to Alexander disease -- 2.3 Overview of current genetics --2.4 What about Alexander disease patients whose GFAP sequence is normal? -- 2.5 Issues in genetic counseling --

3. Expansion of clinical phenotype and remaining gaps in understanding -- 3.1 Classification systems -- 3.2 Does Alexander disease always involve abnormalities of white matter? -- 3.3 Is the intellectual disability in Alexander disease unique? -- 3.4 The need for natural history studies of Alexander disease -- 3.5 Common misconceptions from the early literature -- 3.6 Gaps in understanding of the clinical phenotype --

4. Mechanisms of disease -- 4.1 GFAP and evolution -- 4.2 Other cell types do express GFAP - are they affected as well? -- 4.3 Comparisons with disorders of other intermediate filaments -- 4.4 Model systems for study -- 4.4.1 Cell-free systems -- 4.4.2 Cell cultures -- 4.4.3 Does Alexander disease occur in other animal species? -- 4.4.4 Engineered animal models -- 4.5 How do GFAP variants cause disease? -- 4.6 Are astrocytes lost? -- 4.7 Are Rosenthal fibers toxic for astrocytes? -- 4.8 Can one have Alexander disease without Rosenthal fibers? -- 4.9 Can one have Rosenthal fibers without Alexander disease? -- 4.10 What does Alexander disease have in common with other neurological disorders? --

5. In search of treatments -- 5.1 Past approaches -- 5.2 Ideas from genetics -- 5.2.1 aB-crystallin -- 5.2.2 Nrf2 -- 5.3 Tests of specific candidate drugs -- 5.4 Unbiased drug screens -- 5.5 Antisense therapy -- 5.6 Is there a role for stem cells and cell transplantation? --

6. Conclusions -- 6.1 Variability - why is the disease severe in some, and much milder in others? -- 6.1.1 Environmental modifiers-- 6.1.2 Genetic modifiers -- 6.2 Can we cure Alexander disease?--

This book offers a comprehensive overview of Alexander disease, a rare and devastating neurological disorder that often affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Its distinctive neuropathology consists of abundant Rosenthal fibers within astrocytes (one of the four major cell types of the central nervous system). Nearly all cases are caused by variants in the gene encoding the intermediate filament protein GFAP, but how these changes in GFAP lead to the widespread manifestations of disease is poorly understood. Astrocytes, while discovered over a century ago, are themselves still much of a mystery. They exhibit considerable diversity, defy precise definition, and yet actively regulate many aspects of nervous system functioning. We also have incomplete understanding of Rosenthal fibers, odd structures that contain GFAP as just one of many components. Whether they are toxic or protective is unknown. Moreover, Rosenthal fibers are not absolutely unique to Alexander disease, and are seen sporadically in a wide variety of other conditions, including brain tumors and multiple sclerosis. GFAP is the third unknown. It is an ancient protein, arising early in the evolution of vertebrates, but its role in normal biology is still a matter of debate. Yet Alexander disease shows, without a doubt, that changing just a single of its 432 amino acids can lead to catastrophe, not just in the astrocytes where GFAP is produced but also in the other cells with which astrocytes interact. Despite all of the unknowns, much has been learned in the past 20 years, and it is time to share this knowledge. This book is intended for recently diagnosed patients and families, as well as non-specialist researchers interested in this neurological disease. It covers historical origins, the state of current knowledge, and prospects for what lies ahead, with citations to the primary literature given throughout.