03627cam a2200445 i 4500001001000000003000500010005001700015008004100032020003500073020003800108027002200146037002200168040001900190043001200209050002300221100002700244245016200271264003700433300004400470336002600514337002800540338002700568500004800595500017700643504005200820505047600872520126801348530005802616650006202674650003402736650001502770650002202785700002802807710007702835710008502912710002202997710006903019856007403088999001903162278779626RAND20200811100824.0090123s2013    caua     b    000 0 eng d  a0833077848 (pbk. : alk. paper)  a9780833077844 (pbk. : alk. paper)  aRAND/TR-1284-ODNI  c$22.95fpaperback  aCstmoRcCstmoR  an-us--- 4aJK468.I6bA83 20131 aAsch, Beth J.eauthor.10aEnsuring language capability in the intelligence community :bwhat is the best mix of military, civilians, and contractors? /cBeth J. Asch, John D. Winkler. 1aSanta Monica, CA :bRAND,c2013.  axix, 76 pages :billustrations ;c28 cm  atextbtxt2rdacontent  aunmediatedbn2rdamedia  avolumebnc2rdacarrier  a"RAND National Defense Research Institute."  a"This research was ... conducted within the Intelligence Policy Center and the Forces and Resources Policy Center of RAND’s National Defense Research Institute"--Preface.  aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 73-76).0 aIntroduction -- DoD Guidance for Determining Workforce Mix -- Literature Review on the Costs and Benefits of Different Categories of Personnel -- Insights from Interviews -- Exploratory Analysis of the Relative Cost-Effectiveness of Military Versus Civilian Language-Pro¬cient Workforces -- Summary and Concluding thoughts -- Appendix A: Details on DoD Guidance of Workforce Mix -- Appendix B: Qualitative Analysis Approach -- Appendix C: Quantitative Research Approach.  aLanguage capability is provided in the intelligence community by military personnel, government civilians, and contractors. A key question is what is the best mix of these three types of personnel in terms of cost and effectiveness. This research draws on U.S. Department of Defense guidance and the economics and defense manpower literatures to provide a framework for broadly assessing the costs and benefits of different sources of personnel to provide a given capability, including language capabilities. The authors interviewed personnel at the National Security Agency/Central Security Service and conducted an exploratory quantitative analysis to identify the factors that may affect the best mix of language capability in the intelligence community. A key finding is that each category of personnel provides unique advantages and belongs in the IC language workforce but that a number of factors lead to civilians being a more cost-effective source of language capability than military personnel, even after accounting for the flow to the civil service of trained veterans with language capability. Policies that reduce language-training costs for military personnel and increase the flow of veterans to the civil service might help reduce this disparity.  aAlso available on the internet via WWW in PDF format. 0aIntelligence servicezUnited StatesxEmployeesxLanguage. 0aIntercultural communication.  0aLinguists. 0aMultilingualism. 1 aWinkler, John.eauthor.2 aNational Defense Research Institute (U.S.).bIntelligence Policy Center.2 aNational Defense Research Institute (U.S.).bForces and Resources Policy Center.2 aRand Corporation.1 aUnited States.bOffice of the Director of National Intelligence.41yOnline Accessuhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR1284.html  c597890d597890