03502cam a2200409 i 450000100090000000300050000900500170001400800410003101000170007202000350008902000380012402700190016203500210018103700220020204000180022404300120024205000220025410000360027624501070031226400370041930000440045633600260050033700280052633800270055450400520058150503850063352017000101853000580271865000230277665000340279965000400283370000290287371000680290271000220297071000310299285600690302314779768RAND20200811100937.0070322s2007    cau      b    000 0 eng    a  2007012304  a0833040391 (pbk. : alk. paper)  a9780833040398 (pbk. : alk. paper)  aRAND/TR-422-AF  a(Sirsi) lc511588  c$25.00fpaperback  aDLCcDLCdDLC  an-us---00aUB210b.D388 20071 aDavis, Paul K.,d1943-eauthor.10aTheory and methods for supporting high level military decisionmaking /cPaul K. Davis, James P. Kahan. 1aSanta Monica, CA :bRAND,c2007.  axix, 77 pages :billustrations ;c28 cm  atextbtxt2rdacontent  aunmediatedbn2rdamedia  avolumebnc2rdacarrier  aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 71-77).0 aIntroduction -- Uncertainty, Risk, and Choice -- Reconciling Different Approaches to Decisionmaking -- A Framework for High-Level Decision Support -- Examples of New Tools -- Priorities for Investment in Families of Models, Games, and Other Tools -- Conclusions -- Appendix: Issues and Controversies Regarding Effects-Based Operations and the Commander₂s Predictive Environment.  aThis report describes an approach to high-level decision support for a Joint Forces Air Component Commander in combat operations or a Chief of Staff in defense planning. Its central theme is the fundamental importance of dealing effectively with uncertainty, whether in effects-based operations, building the Air Force's Commander's  Predictive Environment, or planning future forces with the methods of capabilities-based planning. Because many features of the future cannot be predicted with reasonable confidence, it is better to proceed with the expectation of surprise developments and to have skill in recognizing adaptations and making them than it is to treat uncertainty merely as an annoyance. This report sketches the framework of a high-level decision-support environment that is top-down, expresses concepts in simple and intuitive language, deals explicitly with risk and uncertainty, and provides the capability for decisionmakers to readily discover and question the bases for key assumptions and assessments. It can accommodate both "rational-analytic" and "naturalistic" decisionmakers, allowing them to produce strategies that are flexible, adaptive, and robust (FAR). Two explicit methods and their related tools are described. The first involves portfolio-style thinking and analysis, a good mechanism for balancing risks and other considerations in choosing a course of action. The second is a novel modification of foresight exercises that addresses the need to include humans effectively in dealing with uncertainty. A more extensive discussion of available methods and enabling technologies is also presented, along with some recommendations about investment priorities.  aAlso available on the internet via WWW in PDF format. 0aCommand of troops. 0aDecision makingxMethodology. 0aMilitary planningxDecision making.1 aKahan, James P.eauthor.2 aProject Air Force (U.S.).bAerospace Force Development Program.2 aRand Corporation.1 aUnited States.bAir Force.41yOnline Accessuhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR422/