Catalysis -- Emergence and Evolution -- Architecture -- Protein-protein Interactions and Multicomponent Complexes -- Interactions with RNAs -- Secretion and Circulation -- Regulatory Roles -- Neural Diseases -- Cancer -- Immune Diseases -- Pathologic Implications of Mitochondrial tRNA Synthetases -- Infectious Diseases -- Reprogramming of Genetic Code -- Novel functions of tRNAs -- Perspectives for Systems and Synthetic Bio-Medicine.

1 Synthetic and Editing Mechanisms of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases John J. Perona, Ita Gruic-Sovulj 2 Emergence and Evolution Tammy J. Bullwinkle, Michael Ibba 3 Architecture and Metamorphosis Min Guo, Xiang-Lei Yang 4 Protein–Protein Interactions and Multi-component Complexes of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Jong Hyun Kim, Jung Min Han, Sunghoon Kim 5 Extracellular Activities of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases: New Mediators for Cell–Cell Communication Sung Hwa Son, Min Chul Park, and Sunghoon Kim 6. Non-catalytic Regulation of Gene Expression by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Peng Yao, Kiran Poruri, Susan A. Martinis, Paul L. Fox 7 Amino-Acyl tRNA Synthetases Generate Dinucleotide Polyphosphates as Second Messengers: Functional Implications Sagi Tshori, Ehud Razin, Hovav Nechushtan 8 Association of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases with Cancer Doyeun Kim, Nam Hoon Kwon, Sunghoon Kim 9 Pathogenic Implications of Human Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Hagen Schwenzer, Joffrey Zoll, Catherine Florentz, Marie Sissler 10 Role of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Infectious Diseases and Targets for Therapeutic Development Varun Dewan, John Reader, Karin-Musier Forsyth 11 Flexizymes, Their Evolutionary History and Diverse Utilities Toby Passioura, Hiroaki Suga.