Experimental Determination of Surface Stress Changes in Electrochemical Systems -- Thermodynamic Theory of Solid/Liquid Interfaces.-  Problems related to the Measurement of Surface Stress Changes of Solid Electrodes -- Basic Principles of the Experimental Methods -- Optical Detection of the Deformation -- Detection by Microscopy -- Applications -- Related Fields -- Determination of Mobile Species Fluxes Driven by Electrochemical Processes using Optical Methods: Basic Principles of the Experimental Methods (Probe Beam Deflection, Interferometry) -- Application to Surface Confined Systems -- Application to Soluble Systems -- Photothermal Deflection -- Comparison with other Methods to Monitor Fluxes.

Laser-enabled measurements are valuable tools for the investigation of surfaces and interfaces or for the in situ investigation of interfacial processes including electrode processes. The understanding of the thermodynamics of solid/liquid surfaces is important for surface science and electrochemistry. In the first part of this book, the authors describe a range of techniques for investigating interfacial tension and surface stress, which is important for coatings, thin films, and fuel cells. The techniques covered comprise bending beam (bending plate, bending cantilever, wafer curvature) methods with different detection techniques. Special attention is given to methods using optical detection by laser beam deflection or interferometry. The second part is devoted to the techniques based on the detection of refractive index gradients in the solution. The refractive index changes could be related to concentration gradients (Probe Beam Deflection, PBD) or light-induced thermal gradients (Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy, PDS). The application of the techniques to surface-confined and solution electrochemical systems is described. Subsequently, a comparison with others techniques able to monitor ion fluxes is performed.