Structural aspects of mitochondrial ribosome function -- Mechanism and control of protein synthesis in mammalian mitochondria -- Translation in mammalian mitochondria : Order and disorder linked to tRNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases -- Mitochondrial targeting of RNA and mitochondrial translation in yeast and mammalians -- Mechanisms and control of protein synthesis in yeast mitochondria -- Mitochondrial translation in trypanosomatids -- Translation in mitochondria and apicoplasts in Apicomplexa -- Translation in mitochondria in green alga and higher plants -- Translation in flowering plant chloroplasts -- The chloroplasts as platform for recombinant proteins production.

This book provides a review of the multitude of nucleic acid polymerases, including DNA and RNA polymerases from Archea, Bacteria and Eukaryota, mitochondrial and viral polymerases, and other specialized polymerases such as telomerase, template-independent terminal nucleotidyl transferase and RNA self-replication ribozyme. Although many books cover several different types of polymerases, no book so far has attempted to catalog all nucleic acid polymerases. The goal of this book is to be the top reference work for postgraduate students, postdocs, and principle investigators who study polymerases of all varieties. In other words, this book is for polymerase fans by polymerase fans. Nucleic acid polymerases play a fundamental role in genome replication, maintenance, gene expression and regulation. Throughout evolution these enzymes have been pivotal in transforming life towards RNA self-replicating systems as well as into more stable DNA genomes. These enzymes are generally extremely efficient and accurate in RNA transcription and DNA replication and share common kinetic and structural features. How catalysis can be so amazingly fast without loss of specificity is a question that has intrigued researchers for over 60 years. Certain specialized polymerases that play a critical role in cellular metabolism are used for diverse biotechnological applications and are therefore an essential tool for research.