The book, “Basic science of spinal diseases”, is categorized into different sections. Section I describes the anatomy and physiology of the intervertebral disc. In this section, anatomy, biomechanics, imaging and vascular anatomy of intervertebral disc are described. Also, various animal models for disc degeneration, back pain & sciatica and spinal deformity are discussed. Section II explains pathophysiology of the intervertebral disc that includes pathophysiology, genetics and the role of inflammation in disc degeneration. Also, pain pathways and various strategies to regenerate the disc are described. Section III, which is the science of spinal instrumentation, includes implant properties and biomechanics of spinal instrumentation. Biomechanics of cervical spine instrumentation, thoracolumbar, lumbar interbody fusion, motion-preserving implants, interspinous process devices and cement augmentation is discussed. Implant testing, patent and regulatory pathways are described. Section IV describes the science of spinal interventions that includes pain management, use of epidural injections and stem cells in spine. Spinal fusion and graft extenders are also discussed.